International Business Midterm Essay - 3837 Words

BSM-414 International Business Management Mid-Term Exam Multiple Choice Questions 1. The term globalism or globalization generally refers to ___d__. a. increasing loyalty to your own country b. global competition characterized by networks that bind countries, institutions, and people. c. competition in an increasingly borderless world d. b and c only 2. Which of the following is correct about measuring globalization: C a. The United States is the most globalized country. b. Globalization is measured using only economic factors. c. Trade, travel, technology, and links with the rest of the world are four comprehensive measures of†¦show more content†¦ethnic strife 14. What kinds of jobs are currently being offshored/outsourced from the United States of America? a. tax processing b. factory, production, assembly line jobs c. high skilled medical analysis, computer programming jobs d. all of the above 15. The U.S is offshoring white-collar computer programming jobs to India because _____. a. Indians are better programmers than Americans b. Indians speak better English than Americans c. Indian programmers cost one-fourth the cost of equivalent American programmers d. all of the above 16. An important aspect of the political environment is the phenomenon of _____ - a driving force behind political instability around the world. a. ethnicity b. government oppression c. fascism d. racism 17. Which of the following best describes nationalization? a. use of locals in management positions b. giving hiring precedence to locals over employees from the company’s headquarters c. government’s gradual and subtle actions against a firm d. forced sale of an MNC’s assets to local buyers 18. _____ occurs when the local government seizes the foreign-owned assets of the MNC and provides inadequate compensation. a. Nationalization b. Expropriation c. Confiscation d. Repatriation 19. SupposeShow MoreRelatedInternational Business - Midterm Review Essay4115 Words   |  17 PagesAFM 333 Midterm Review Module 1: - Fall of Berlin Wall 1989 - Two Trends altering global market: globalization of markets and technological advances - Globalization: interconnectedness of national economies, growing interdependence of buyers, producers and suppliers in different countries G6 economies: US, UK, Japan, Germany, France, Italy - Account for half of global consumption with only 1/10 of population - B6 economies: China, India, Russia, Brazil, MexicoRead MoreDante1739 Words   |  7 PagesInternational University IU QUANTITATIVE METHODS FOR BUSINESS (FALL 2013) SAMPLE TEST MIDTERM EXAMINATION PART 01: MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (20 POINTS) 1. (1 pt) Given the following two-person game, which strategy can be eliminated by use of dominance? Y1 Y2 13 0 X2 6 8 X3 12 14 a. X2 c. Y2 b. Y1 e. X1 d. X3 The following payoff table is using for next 6 questions. 2. (1 pt) What decision would an optimist make? a. Alternative 1 c. State ofRead MoreItb 305 Midterm Exam Latest Strayer951 Words   |  4 PagesITB 305 MIDTERM EXAM LATEST STRAYER To purchase this visit following link: https://coursehomework.com/product/itb-305-midterm-exam-latest-strayer/ Contact us at: HELP@COURSEHOMEWORK.COM ITB 305 MIDTERM EXAM LATEST STRAYER Course: International Business Environment Test: Midterm Exam Part 1 Instructions: This exam consist of 25 multiple choice questions and covers the material in chapters 1 through 3. Question 1: In order to answer the question: â€Å"What determines the success and failures ofRead MoreWhy I Learned About International Business974 Words   |  4 PagesThere were many things that I like about the class and there was nothing that I did not like at all. The things I liked about the class were reading the book Chosen. I really enjoyed being able to learn about International Business. This course was for semester five students but I was able to get in and I am glad that I was. One of the reasons I like the class was also that the teacher Rabih Hitti was easy going and kept the class engaged in the discussions and made the class stay awake for the 1:30Read MoreMgmt 303 Midterm Exam Solution – All Possible Questions3790 Words   |  16 PagesMGMT 303 Midterm Exam Solution – All Possible Questions http://hwguiders.com/downloads/mgmt-303-midterm-exam-solution-all-possible-questions/ (TCO 1) The _____ approach of going green is a good example of the firm’s social responsibility in addition to demonstrating the highest degree of environmental sensitivity. (Points : 5) 2. (TCO 2) The Ford Motor Company sold an auto parts company because profitability was low. The main environmental dimension considered was (Points : 5) 3. (TCORead MoreMis Quiz1186 Words   |  5 PagesCollege of Business Administration Course Syllabus Winter 2013 ------------------------------------------------- Course Name: Management Information Systems Course Number: MIS200 51 ------------------------------------------------- Course Pre-requisites: ITE100, ENG105 Credit hours: 3 ------------------------------------------------- Instructor’s Name: Dr. Mehmood Khan Telephone: 02 – 501 5346 ------------------------------------------------- E-mail: mehmood.khan@adu.ac.aeRead MorePublic Administration1077 Words   |  5 PagesMidterm Essay: Classical Organizational Theory Liberty University February 5, 2014 Midterm Essay: Classical Organizational Theory Classical Organizational Theory deals with the systematic processes necessary to make bureaucracy more efficient and effective. Name three scholars that are credited with the development of classical organization thought that most correctly fit into this definition of Classical Organizational Theory. What were the basic arguments articulated by each in their contributionsRead MoreDocx949 Words   |  4 PagesInternational University – HCMC Department of English IE2 READING WRITING 1. Course Statistics : 120 periods (8 credits) Number of instruction weeks : 10 Number of sessions : 30 Number of sessions per week :3 Number of periods per session 2. Pre-requisite Number of periods :4 Students who achieved IE1 course score 50 or scored from 35-60 on the Placement Test are required to take this course. 3. Learning outcome Students who have successfully completedRead MoreReview of Related Local Studies and Synthesis7201 Words   |  29 PagesLocal Studies Students Performance under retention policy In 1998, University of the East College of Business Administration under her leadership was listed by the Professional Regulation Commission (PRC) as the number 3 top performing school with over 100 examinees. This continuous performance is the reason that it granted a second level re-accreditation by The Philippine Association of Colleges and Universities Commission on Accreditation (PACUCOA). Together with the retentionRead MoreIndustrial Accidents1206 Words   |  5 PagesING 102 MIDTERM RESEARCH MATERIAL** Wed a.m. Turkish government investigating shipyard deaths, AP Worldstream, August 12, 2008 C. ONUR ANT Turkeys government launched two investigations on into the latest of several fatal accidents at the countrys leading shipyard, where about two dozen workers have died in the past year. The government already had recommended better training and stricter safety measures to end workrelated deaths at the booming Tuzla shipyard on Istanbuls eastern tip. But on

Concerns About Organ Donation Essay - 1968 Words

Organ Donation Get him into the O.R. stat! After applying yourself to be a recipient for a donation, you will be added to the waiting list for that organ. This can take months, if not years. Receiving an organ can be sudden whenever an organ match has been found for you. We should reevaluate organ donation due to someone’s personal religion, inability to benefit the poor, numerous hospital visits, and potential endangerment to their own well being. Therefore, in 2009, organ transplants became a demand everywhere so abruptly that countless nationalities began selling their organs in return for money (HRSA 1). Eighty-one percent of commercial living donors (CLDs) in Egypt spent their â€Å"Kidney money† within five months after their†¦show more content†¦Golden states that several countries, including Kuwait and Saudi Arabia, have compensated live donors and families of the deceased as a part of the consent process for procuring organs (Budiani-Saberi 26).† Apart from th ese nations where it is a regulatory scheme for commercial living donation, unregulated practices thrive in many parts of the world as a staple source of supplying organs for transplant. Although such practices are technically illegal in some countries, the institution that issues medical licenses (The Doctors’ Syndicate), transplant centers, and laboratories openly tolerate commercial transplants. Golden also says that an unlicensed transplant in certain countries reflects similar abuses of organ trafficking that operate in other global hot spots, including Pakistan and the Philippines (Budiani-Saberi 26-27). â€Å"With numerous organ sales, negative health consequences for living donors have reported a general deterioration in one’s their health status,† remarks Golden (Budiani-Saberi 27). Wright, a writer in Akron, Ohio, said she was unaware of the consequences when she donated a kidney to her sister in 2008. She then suffered depression and anxiety two year s after the operation due to complications during her operation (Carlson 1). Other health consequences include pain, nausea, and easily fatigued while standing even for short periods of timeShow MoreRelatedOrgan Donation Should Be Mandatory1630 Words   |  7 Pages With people making important decisions about their body every day the subject of organ donation becomes increasingly important. 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Through the correlation of persevering the gift of life to extend one’s life duration period, the organ shortage supply chain may not contribute much less withstands for unethical practice. The transplantation industry process may encounter various undergoes for the supply of organs before having a divine outcome. Organ shortages have become a problem for the transplantationRead MoreEuthanasia Organ Donation And The Effects On Organ Shortages1679 Words   |  7 PagesENG106 Professor Tiedt Euthanasia Organ Donation and the Effects on Organ Shortages â€Å"The shortages in transplantable organs worldwide not only leads to unnecessary death, but also to grave human right abuses though illegal methods of procuring organs† (Statz, 2006, p. 1).With the decrease in solid organs available, the demand for organs increase and fail to meet the needs of patients facing organ failure. The only options to receive an organ includes receiving an organ from a family member, begin turningRead More How Can We Encourage Organ Donation? Essay1333 Words   |  6 PagesHow Can We Encourage Organ Donation?      Ã‚  Ã‚   Thousands of people die each year in the United States alone waiting for organ transplants. In 1997 the United States Department of Health and Human Services reported that 56,716 people were waiting for hearts, lungs, pancreases, and kidneys. By 1998 this number had increased to 64,423 people waiting (Charatan). The list of those people in need of transplants increases almost twenty percent every year while the number of donors increases onlyRead MoreAltruism Is Good Or Good?1165 Words   |  5 Pages Altruism is defined as the principle or practice of unselfish concern for or devotion to the welfare of others. Why would someone think that certain actions are moral? There are two answers. First, altruism is naturally positive but on the contrary there are situations that decisions are made with morally bad tendencies and motivations, in circumstantial selfishness. Secondly, altruism is good because of its affirmative effects. The outcome of altruism does not only effect the person to whom theRead MoreSally Satels Organ for Sale.1154 Words   |  5 PagesAn Analysis of passion: Sally Satel’s â€Å"Organs for Sale† Sally Satel is an American  psychiatrist  based in Washington DC. She is a lecturer at the  Yale University  School of Medicine, the W.H. Brady Fellow at the  American Enterprise Institute, and author. Books written by Satel include  P.C. M.D.: How Political Correctness is Corrupting Medicine and  Drug Treatment: The Case for Coercion  Her articles have been published in  The New Republic, the  Wall Street Journal, the  New York Times, and in scholarlyRead MoreDefinitions For Blood Donation746 Words   |  3 Pagesfor the blood donation. 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Several issues need to be resolved and some systems need to be reformed to help increase the level of organ donation to meet demand. Several improvements such as creating an opt-out registration system

Introduction To Disaster Management Environmental Sciences Essay Free Essays

string(149) " There are two types of Mitigation activities: Structural Extenuation: It refers to building undertakings to cut down economic and societal impacts\." Catastrophes are seen as the consequence of jeopardies on vulnerable countries. Hazards that occur in countries with low exposure do non ensue in a catastrophe. Great harm, loss, devastation and desolation to life and belongings are the consequences of Disasters. We will write a custom essay sample on Introduction To Disaster Management Environmental Sciences Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now The unmeasurable harm caused by catastrophe varies with the geographical location. In the concerned countries catastrophes have the undermentioned effects: It wholly upsets the normal twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours life. Detrimentally carry the exigency systems Depending on the strength and badness of the catastrophe the normal demands and procedures are severely affected and deteriorated. Catastrophes are the consequence of jeopardy on vulnerable or defenceless countries. Hazards that occur in countries with low exposure do non ensue in a catastrophe. 1.1.2 Types of Catastrophes: Catastrophes can be classified as: Natural catastrophe Human-Made catastrophe 1 ) Natural Catastrophes: Natural catastrophes are the consequence of biological, geological, seismal, hydrologic or meteoric conditions. They are a menace to, people, constructions and economic assets Few illustrations are: Earthquake Cyclones Hurricanes Floods Landslides 2 ) Human-Made Catastrophes: Human-made catastrophes are Emergency state of affairss which are the consequences of calculated human actions. They involves state of affairss in which people suffers casualties, losingss of basic services and agencies of support. Few illustrations are: Oil Spill An aeroplane clang War Civil discord Major fire 1.1.3 Difference between EMERGENCY and DISASTER state of affairss: A state of affairs in which community is CAPABLE of get bying is EMERGENCY. Emergency state of affairss are generated by a existent happening of events that require immediate attending of exigency resources. A state of affairs in which community is INCAPABLE of get bying is DISASATER. Catastrophe state of affairss are natural or human-caused events which causes terrible negative impact on community. 1.2 WHAT IS A HAZARD? 1.2.1 Definition: Hazard is a opportunity or possibility of being injured or harmed. OR Hazard is the possibility of puting yourself unfastened to loss or bad luck. Hazards can be classified into two Manners: Dormant Mode Active Mode 1 ) Dormant Mode: The state of affairs that has the possible to be risky, but no people, or environment is presently affected by this. For illustration: An unstable hillside, has a potency for a landslide but there is nil below or on the hillside that could be affected. 2 ) Active Manner: An incident in which jeopardy has really occurred, making an Emergency state of affairss or Catastrophes. Categorization of Hazards: Hazard can besides be classified as: Natural Hazard Man-made Hazard Natural Hazard: Definition: These jeopardies are caused by a natural procedure. Examples of some Natural jeopardies are: 1 ) Volcanic Volcanic eruptions: Ashs and different toxic gases are expelled through vents from deep inside the Earth 2 ) Droughts: A portion of a land suffers from deficiency of rain during specific period of clip which causes terrible harm to the harvests, dirt, animate beings and people besides. 3 ) Tsunami: Very big moving ridges which caused by an Earthquake, Volcanic eruptions knocks into a shore. 1.2.4 Man-made Hazard: Definition: These jeopardies are created by worlds. Examples of some Man-made jeopardies are: Global Heating: Projected additions in the Earth ‘s ambiance ‘s mean temperature. In the twentieth century the Earth ‘s mean temperature rose about 0.6 degree Celsius. Crime: It is a sort of Sociological jeopardy. Crime is a breach of Torahs and regulations. For illustration Breach of contract. Industrial Hazard: It is a sort of Technological jeopardy. Industrial jeopardies frequently have an environmental impact. For illustration Bhopal Disaster ( worst industrial catastrophe to day of the month ) . 1.3 VULNERABILITY, CAPACITY AND RISK: 1.3.1 Vulnerability: Definition: Susceptibility of a individual, group or society to physical or emotional hurt. OR Person or group apt to injury. Equally far as Hazards and Catastrophes are concern, the construct of Vulnerability is to associate the relationship that people have with their environment to societal forces and establishments and the cultural values that sustain them. 1.3.2 Capacity: Definition: Within a community all the available resources, that can cut down hazard degree and catastrophe effects. Frequent term used in Disaster is ‘Capacity constructing ‘ . Capacity edifice is the attempts to develop human accomplishments within a community to cut down hazard degrees. 1.3.3 Hazard: Definition: Occurrence chance of a jeopardy that trigger a catastrophe with an unwanted result. Hazard involves an exposure to a opportunity hurt or loss. Risk by and large described in footings of chance. Hazard can besides be defined as the chance of a loss, hazard depends on three elements: Hazard Vulnerability Exposure 1.4 DISASTER MANAGEMENT CYCLE: 1.4.1 What is Disaster Management? Main thought: To forestall catastrophes wherever possible or to extenuate or decrease those catastrophes which are inevitable. Through Public consciousness and Hazard direction catastrophes could be prevented or mitigated. 1.4.2 What is Disaster Management rhythm? Definition: Disaster Management Cycle is a rhythm which has stages to cut down or forestall catastrophes. It is a cyclic procedure it means the terminal of one stage is the beginning of another stage, although following stage can be started before the completion of old stage. Some times several stages are taking topographic point at the same time. During each stage, timely determination devising can consequences in greater readiness, better warnings, and forestall farther catastrophes. The complete Disaster Management rhythm includes the defining of public policies and programs that addresses the causes of catastrophes and decreasing their effects on people, belongings and substructure. 1.5 PHASES OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT Cycle: Disaster Management Cycle has four stages: Phase 1- Mitigation Phase 2 – Readiness Phase 3 – Response Phase 4 – Recovery 1.5.1 Phase 1 – Extenuation: 1.5.1.1 Goal: The Goal of Mitigation activities is to acquire rid of or cut down the catastrophe happening chance, or to extenuate the effects of ineluctable catastrophes. Definition: Extenuation refers to all actions taken before a catastrophe to minimise its impacts. Examples: Public instruction Building codifications and districting Extenuation includes: Reviewing edifice codifications Zoning and land-use direction Implementing preventive wellness steps There are two types of Mitigation activities: Structural Extenuation: It refers to building undertakings to cut down economic and societal impacts. Non-structural extenuation: They are the policies which raise consciousness of jeopardies. Non-structural extenuation activities besides encourage developments to decrease catastrophe impact. Through Mitigation we can educate concerns and populace in order to cut down loss or hurt. At place Mitigation activities: In your place Strengthening vulnerable countries such as roof tops, exterior doors and Windowss. In your place construct a safe room. 1.5.2 Phase 2 – Readiness: 1.5.2.1 Goal: The end of Preparedness activities is: for any exigency state of affairs, achieve a satisfactory degree of preparedness through plans that support the proficient capacity of authorities. 1.5.2.2 Definition: Readiness activities are the Plans/preparations made to salvage lives or belongings. 1.5.2.3 Preparedness includes: Implementation/operation Systems of early warning. Readiness programs Emergency exercisings Emergency communicating systems Public instruction Through early warning systems people will respond suitably when any early warning is issued. Preparedness actions depend upon the incorporation of suited steps for development programs at national and regional degree. To salvage lives and minimise catastrophe harm, persons, authorities and organisation develop programs and this all is done in Preparedness stage. 1.5.2.4 Disaster Preparedness and Disaster Extenuation: Catastrophe extenuation and Disaster Preparedness go manus in manus. To guarantee that bing substructure can defy the forces of catastrophe, catastrophe readiness includes execution of extenuation steps. 1.5.3 Phase 3 – Response: 1.5.3.1 Goal: The end of Response is to give instant aid to keep life, better wellness and keep up the morale of affected population. 1.5.3.2 Disaster Response includes: Helping refugees with conveyance. Give impermanent shelter and nutrient. Establish semi lasting colony in cantonments. Repairing harm substructure. The basic demands of people are more focussed in Response stage until lasting solutions can be found. 1.5.4 Phase 4 – Recovery: 1.5.4.1 Goal: To assist people reconstructing their lives and substructure every bit shortly as possible. 1.5.4.2 Types of Recovery Activities: Recovery activities can be: Short term recovery activities Long term recovery activities Until all system return to normal or better, recovery activities continues. 1.5.4.3 Recovery activities in catastrophes include: Constructing Temporary lodging. Public information. Educating public about Health and safety instruction. Hiding plans for people. Reconstruction Economic impact surveies From recovery to long-run sustainable development there should be smooth passage. DISASTER MANAGEMENT CYCLE AND EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM: 1.6.1 Ems: EMS is the acronym for Emergency Management System. EMS can ease the effectual direction of Disasters. Information Technology can better the system of Disaster Management and back up all the stages of the DMC ( Disaster Management Cycle ) 1.6.2 PHASE I: Extenuation and Prevention: To cut down the impact of catastrophes, effectual Disaster Management plays a cardinal function. Disaster Management uses different effectual technological tools to assist the procedure of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation. For illustration: Tracking system: the lading of Hazard Management ( HAZMAT ) can be track by progress Vehicle-mounted hardware and when shipment transporting Hazardous stuffs deviates from its path centres of Disaster Management issues presentment to direction centres. Inventory systems: For any exigency state of affairss Inventory Systems ensures that the suffient supplies are available. It monitors the stock list degrees of of import equipment and supplies and keep the record of of import supplies on regular footing in signifier of Databases. Detection: For observing and supervising the risky lading, Roadside Detectors are used. These Roadside sensors besides confirm that lading is non diverting for its path. 1.6.3 PHASE II: Readiness: Preparedness trades with the development of programs before any exigency or black state of affairss. Emergency direction system helps Phase II of DMC via technological services like: Telemedicine: It is a connexion between ambulances which are reacting and exigency medical installations available really near. By utilizing telemedicine physicians can give advices to medical forces for the intervention of those patients who are on the manner to infirmary. Advanced ACN: Advanced ACN is the acronym for Advanced automated hit presentment. They inform exigency forces through vehicle mounted detectors and wireless communicating about incidents like hits or clangs. They besides tell the incident ‘s exact location and features. 1.6.4 PHASE III and IV: Response and Recovery: To supply immediate aid or aid to the population affected by catastrophes is the Goal of Response Phase. While the Goal of Recovery Phase is the Restoration of people ‘s unrecorded every bit shortly as possible after the catastrophe or any exigency state of affairs. Emergency direction System with the aid of Technology can assist the Response and Recovery phases through different systems and package like: Scheduling and Coordination package: In order to do the response procedure organized, structured and efficient complicated scheduling system can supervise and organize many response activities. Early on Warning System: In transit substructure a huge assortment of detectors are used which provide an early warning systems. This early warning system used to observe large-scale catastrophes and exigencies and besides semisynthetic catastrophe or technological catastrophe. Large-scale catastrophes include temblors, tsunamis etc and man-made or t echnological catastrophes include HAZMAT incidents, act of terrorist act, atomic power works accidents. Response direction: Emergency vehicle fleets can be track by Response direction by utilizing the engineering of Automated vehicle location ( AVL ) and bipartisan communicating between starters and exigency vehicles. Chapter No:2 TYPES OF Catastrophe: 2.1 Introduction: Harmonizing to [ 11 ] CRED ( Center for Research on the Epidemiology of Disaster ) , Belgium, defines Disaster as: â€Å" A catastrophe is a state of affairs or event which overwhelms local capacity, asking a petition to a national or international degree for external aid † OR Catastrophe is besides defined as ‘Great harm, loss or devastation consequences from a sudden ruinous event ‘ . Many [ 11 ] different types of events like conditions or Earth ‘s geology are represented by Disasters. There exist a close association between a catastrophe and utmost conditions events like cyclones, inundations, twisters etc. The database of catastrophe events are maintained by CRED. It maintained the catastrophe events from 1900 to show. Possible causes of increase in catastrophes: There [ 11 ] are many causes for addition in catastrophes but some common causes are as under: Environmental alterations related to economic development may impact the potency for catastrophes. Change of Global clime from the build-up of nursery gases may take to a greater frequence of utmost conditions events ( heat moving ridges ) in the hereafter, every bit good as sea degree rise. Several bing coastlines may be threatened in this event. Industrialization without controls may increase the hazard for technological catastrophes. Consumption of fossil fuels with industrialisation. 2.1.1 What are the Types of Disasters? Catastrophes can [ 1 ] be loosely classified harmonizing to their: Causes – Natural or Man-made catastrophe Speed of onset – Sudden or Decelerate Earthquakes, Cyclones, Tsunamis are the illustrations of Natural catastrophes. The two most common illustrations of Man-made catastrophes are ‘The Bhopal gas release ‘ and the ‘Chernobyl atomic accident ‘ . Forest fires ( initiated by adult male ) may be another illustration. There can be a sudden oncoming or slow oncoming of catastrophe. Sudden or Quick oncoming of catastrophe agencies they can happen all of a sudden in clip and slow oncoming of catastrophe agencies they may develop over a period of clip or bit by bit. 2.2 NATURAL DISASTES: 2.2.1 Definition: Natural [ 1 ] catastrophe occurs of course in propinquity to, and present a menace to people, constructions or economic asserts. They are caused by biological, geological conditions or procedures in the natural environment for illustration cyclones, temblors, tsunamis, inundations etc. Few illustrations of Natural catastrophes are: Earthquake Tsunami Flood Cyclone Now I will discourse above Natural catastrophes. 2.2.2 Earthquake: Earthquake is the quiver of Earth ‘s surface due to belowground motions. Earthquakes besides called as shudder or earthquake. Sudden release of energy in the Earth ‘s crust leads to a natural catastrophe called Earthquake. This sudden release of energy moving ridges are called as seismal moving ridges. Epicenter of temblor is called as the beginning point of these seismal moving ridges. Among the most unpredictable natural catastrophes people can see, Earthquake is the 1. During temblors 10s of 1000s of people are put in danger. Some International Statistics of Earthquake: More than half a million deceases worldwide caused by Earthquake between 1999 and 2009. Each twelvemonth more than one million Earthquakes occur worldwide. Measurement of Earthquake: To mensurate the size of an Earthquake there are many ways. Some of these ways depend upon the damaged sum caused by the Earthquake and some depend upon seismal energy generated by the temblor. To mensurate temblor there are two graduated tables which are really popular: Seismograph Richter graduated table Seismograph: Seismic moving ridges are generated by Earthquakes these moving ridges can be detected by a sensitive instrument called Seismograph. Nowadays Digital seismographs are high-technology seismographs which can enter land agitating over seismal amplitude and screens wide set of frequences that is why they are besides called as Broadband Seismograph.The survey of Seismograph is called as ‘Seismology ‘ . Richter graduated table: Earthquake ‘s strength and magnitude can be represented by Richter graduated table. If the strength of temblor is 3 on a Richter graduated table so that temblor is non harmful. Highly harmful temblor has the reading of 7 or above on the Richter graduated table. Presents modified versions of Richter graduated tables are used for temblor measuring throughout the universe. Richter graduated table is besides called as Richter magnitude graduated table because it measures the magnitude of temblor. 2.2.3 Tsunami: Ocean [ 1 ] moving ridge generated by undersea temblor, powerful volcanic eruption or submerged landslide is called Tsunami. Tsunami [ 12 ] frequently generated by temblor in a subduction zone ( an country where an pelagic home base is being forced down into the mantle by home base tectonic forces ) . Tsunami besides called as seismal sea moving ridge. Sudden Large supplanting of H2O causes Tsunami. Tsunami travels at a great velocity across the unfastened ocean and builds into big deathly moving ridges in a shallow H2O of a shoreline. Tsunamis consist of multiple moving ridges with an highly low period and wavelength. The [ 1 ] largest temblor event recorded in Samoa was on 26 June 1917, mensurating 8.3 on the Richter graduated table. The event originated in Tonga ( about 200km South of Apia ) and it triggered a tsunami of 4 to 8 meters runups in Satupaitea, Savaii. The tsunami arrived less than 10 ( 10 ) proceedingss from its point of beginning, intending it travelled at a velocity of more than 1,000km/hr. Hence, when an temblor occurs, you must listen to the tsunami warning, for illustration, people populating in low-lying coastal countries must relocate to higher and safer evidences instantly. Tsunami velocity: Tsunami in a Pacific ocean can go at velocities up to 450mph ( half of the velocity of sound ) . The tallness of Tsunami moving ridges are about 30 to 100 feets. Damage caused by Tsunami: Significant [ 13 ] sum of harm can be caused by Tsunamis. Entire coastal small towns can be destroyed by a individual Tsunami. It can take all the sand from the beach sand which took hundred of old ages to roll up. Safety: The attack [ 13 ] of Tsunami can be determined by many technological methods but nature has its ain methods of warning people. If in a certain country the coastal H2O is abnormally high or low, so this is the warning for Tsunami. 2.2.4 Floods: Flood occurs when [ 1 ] big sum of H2O flow from river or from broken pipe onto a antecedently dry country. The beginning of inundation can be really [ 11 ] quick or they may develop over a period of yearss or hebdomads following an drawn-out period of rain or speedy thaw of snow. Flash inundation have sudden oncoming. Drowning is the chief jeopardy from deluging. This is most common in brassy inundation. The common hazard factor for brassy inundation victims is driving in an car, many victims of brassy inundation drown within their vehicle. Health concern from implosion therapy: A longer [ 11 ] term wellness concern from implosion therapy is the development of disease from afloat sanitation Stationss. Large inundations pose a jeopardy to bing sanitation and imbibing H2O systems. Importance of Implosion therapy: For [ 1 ] local ecosystem, implosion therapy can be environmentally of import. For illustration some river inundations bring foods to dirty such as in Egypt where the one-year implosion therapy of the Nile River carries foods to otherwise dry land. Flood besides affect economic system. How to extenuate impact of inundation: pre-event [ 11 ] steps: early warning for brassy inundation events public instruction on inundation jeopardies like car drive post-event steps: keeping proper sanitation system proper control of population 2.2.5 Cyclones: Chapter no 3 THE ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY IN DISASTER MANAGEMENT: Introduction: The Advanced Information Technology plays a great function in planning and execution of different steps for the decrease of jeopardies. The advanced information engineering includes: Gilbert Remote Feeling Satellite Communication Internet The quality and analysis power of natural jeopardies can be update by Geographic Information System ( GIS ) . In the choice of extenuation steps GIS can direct development activities. The designation of risky countries and before clip warning for many future catastrophes can be done by Remote Feeling Communication orbiters contribute a batch to supply communicating in exigency state of affairss and timely alleviation steps. For jeopardy decrease the add-on of infinite engineering inputs into monitoring of natural catastrophes and mechanisms of extenuation is really of import 3.2 WHAT IS EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT: The direction of exigencies refering all jeopardies, including all activities and hazard direction steps related to bar and extenuation, readiness, response and recovery. Emergency direction can reconstruct and reconstruct society back to functional degree in no clip after a catastrophe. The basic intent of exigency direction is to: 1 ) Save as many lives as possible 2 ) To protect and continue the environment 3 ) To protect the economic system 3.2.1 Emergency Management System: Definition: It is a technological tool used to better and heighten the Emergency Disaster Management. Emergency direction system can assist Disaster Management in several countries, such as: Materials: To guarantee that the warehouse is stock with all the points needed for national endurance in any catastrophe, before any abroad aid reaching. Work force: In first assistance and shelter direction train forces. Emptying Plans: Testing of General catastrophe and Evacuation program. Communication: To set up dependable Communication system. Transportation system: To set up effectual Transportation plans for illustration transit through air which facilitates the ‘food bringing supplies ‘ procedure to the victims of affected countries which are cut-off from any vehicular traffic. Examples of Emergency Management System at work: Management of Hazardous Materials ( HAZMAT ) : By agencies of Air, Sea and Land, EMS provides unafraid transit of unsafe and risky stuffs. EMS uses particular devices for tracking the cargo of HAZMAT. Emergency medical services: EMS notifies the exigency forces with of import and valuable information on exigency incidents. For illustration EMS is equipped with machine-controlled hit presentment system to observe vehicle hit. Recovery and Response: EMS has efficient Detectors which can observe natural catastrophes and warn population before manus. IN DISASTER MANAGEMENT, APPLICATION OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY: Through Information Technology the agony of the catastrophe victims can be minimized. There are several tools of Information Technology which are utile in the direction of any catastrophe. In this Report I am concentrating the undermentioned Information Technology tools used in Disaster Management: Geographic Information System ( GIS ) Remote Feeling Global Positioning System ( GPS ) 3.3.1 GIS in Disaster Management: 3.3.1.1 Introduction: GIS is the acronym for ‘Geographic Information System ‘ . For Disaster Management GIS can work in many ways, such as: They are the sort of information system which are good capable of hive awaying, incorporating, analysing, redacting, sharing, and exposing the information which is geographically-referenced. GIS can make the synergistic questions, edit informations and different maps and can easy show the concluding consequences of all these operations. The quality and power of analysis of appraisals of natural jeopardies can be improved by GIS. In the choice of extenuation steps, exigency readiness and response action, GIS besides guide and help different development activities. Applications of GIS: For the undermentioned activities GIS applications are really utile. Creation of hazard stock list map: At all the territory and inter-municipal degrees, the developmental undertaking ‘s pre-feasibility survey can be really expeditiously done by GIS. To locate of import installations: Through GIS we can take information on physical locations of drains, shelters and other physical installations. Management and Creation of associated Database: Planners can do undertakings at feasibleness degree. These undertakings can used to do hazard maps for bing metropoliss, catastrophe readiness planning and alleviation activities after catastrophe. Vulnerability appraisal: To spread out Disaster Management organisations by making consciousness of catastrophe with authorities and populace is done by advanced and synergistic engineering tool GIS. Emergency shelters and the usage of GIS: Shelter [ 1 ] operators use GIS engineering to take the personal inside informations of individuals being housed at the shelters. GIS engineering would besides give information to the shelter operators on the general make-up of the shelter like that how many kids, grownups, disable or any particular resident are in the shelter or demand shelter. Relief Distribution and the usage of GIS: GIS generate maps of the affected countries where clump of victims are located so with the aid of these maps ‘food beads ‘ procedures will take topographic point. These maps will besides place the alone demands of individuals within these Bunches. Vulnerable countries: The countries which are prone to catastrophes are highlighted by GIS. This will assist the catastrophe directors to make be aftering before the happening of catastrophe and it besides facilitates the coordination of attempts during and after the event. GIS Advantages: There are more advantages of GIS than challenges. Some GIS advantages are as under: It can [ 1 ] represent spacial information over a broad geographic country. To take more elaborate position of contents GIS uses 3D artworks. Integration of different information of geo-spatial can be facilitated by GIS. Information of geo-spatial includes maps, theoretical accounts and other signifiers of artworks. GIS distributes updated informaton. It besides expeditiously analyzes, collects and manage that information. For persons who wants to utilize GIS merely small tranning is required. This characteristic of GIS makes it various and easy to utilize. 3.3.1.4 Challenges of utilizing GIS in Disaster Management: GIS [ 1 ] can sometimes uncover personal and people-specific information which can significantly impact people ‘s life. Form GIS information sometimes critical and difficult determinations have to be taken in the best involvement of affected people. To acquire the end product which is meaningful and utile from the system, big sums of inputs are required. GIS delayed the determination doing procedure during exigency because it require immense sum of information and huge sum of clip to analyse that information. Disaster Management Cycle and GIS: Planning: To [ 1 ] recognize the demand for be aftering which is based on the present hazard is the most of import phase of DM. For frontward be aftering GIS plays a cardinal function. GIS provides a construction for catastrophe directors to see spacial informations by computing machine based maps. Extenuation: For structural and non-structural extenuation, GIS can play really of import function. Areas which are at hazard are spatially represented by GIS. GIS besides identifies the hazard degree associated with peculiar jeopardy. Catastrophe directors use GIS to find the degree of alleviative constructions that should be in topographic point given the exposure of an country or population. Readiness: GIS can play a critical function in the designation of resources and countries which are at hazard. The nexus between spouses and critical bureaus is established by GIS and the usage of GIS in the constitution of that nexus will assist catastrophe directors to cognize the location of Stationss of relevant spouse bureaus. In the context of Disaster Management, maps of GIS can supply information on the human resources nowadays in an Emergency Operation Centre every bit good as on the land forces such as security, wellness suppliers and other cardinal respondents. This is peculiarly utile since the engineering can assist with strategic arrangement of exigency forces where it matters most. Through GIS we can do certain that communicating webs and route substructure are capable of managing the effects of catastrophes Response: By utilizing GIS, users can take accurate and dependable information of the location of an exigency state of affairs from GIS and in this manner GIS can salvage tonss of clip needed to find the location of problem countries. Once the issues ( issues like paths to the country ) are known GIS can supply speedy response to affected countries. To indicate out emptying paths and other emptying affairs in exigencies, GIS can be used as a floor usher. Recovery: GIS can supply a outline of what has been damaged, where, and the figure of individuals or establishments that were affected. To the recovery procedure this sort of information is rather utile. Distant Sensing in Disaster Management: 3.3.2.1 Introduction: In Remote Sensing [ 1 ] a recording device ( which is non in physical contact with the object ) is used to acquire the information about an object or phenomenon, that entering device utilizations EMW ( Electronic Magnetic Waves ) radiations. The Goal of EMW or Electromagnetic Waves is the transit of information and energy from one topographic point to another. Cellular webs, Microwave ovens and x-ray machines used EMW. Distant Sensing include semisynthetic detectors, these detectors are attached to orbiters and aircrafts. Alternatively of sing a far off planet from Earth, the feeling equipment is normally high above looking down at our ‘distant ‘ planet – Earth. Distant in this context can intend merely a few hundred pess operating expense or stat mis above the Earth ‘s surface 3.3.2.2 Applications of Remote Sensing: Remote Sensing is one of the developed and successful tool in Disaster Management. Some applications of Remote Sensing are as under: By utilizing Remote Feeling the jeopardy and hazard mold of many catastrophes like Tsunamis, hurricanes, temblors and disease pandemics can be done. We can utilize Remote Sensing based early warning systems for many natural catastrophes like Floods, Tsunamis, Earthquakes etc. After catastrophe, harm appraisal can be done by Satellites and airborne detectors. 3.3.2.3 Remote Sensing Advantages: The Advantages of Remote Sensing are as under: The users of Remote Sensing do non hold to be in direct contact with the danger zones. This engineering saves tonss of clip. Remote Sensing engineering can gives the clear image of really big country of land. It can easy observe characteristics at wavelengths which are even non seeable to bare oculus. For frontward planning and Reconstruction of any affected country, Remote Sensing plays an of import function by giving clear and big image of those countries. By utilizing Remote Feeling the reappearance of the same event in the hereafter can be prevented. It can assist in harm appraisal monitoring. We can routinely and on a regular basis obtain and enter information. Categorization of Remote Sensing: There are [ 1 ] three parts of Wavelength in Remote Sensing: Brooding infrared and Visible Remote Sensing Thermal infrared Remote Feeling Microwave Remote Feeling Brief description of the above wavelength categorization for Remote Sensing is given below: Brooding infrared and Visible Remote Detection: Everyday visible radiation and infrared optical masers are the most common applications of the reflective infrared and seeable Remote Feeling with wavelength scope of 0.4 to 0.8 microns. For the comparing of before and after events of catastrophe we can utilize seeable Remote Sensing. Thermal infrared Remote Sensing: We can image temperature differences by utilizing infrared detectors. Temperature differences like thermic pollution in rivers or temperature differences near any vent can easy represented by utilizing infrared detectors. Infrared detectors developed a fact that all objects emits Electromagnetic Radiation, these Electromagnetic Radiation are called as ‘blackbody radiation ‘ . These black body radiation has a peculiar wavelength which is relative to the temperature of the surface of an object. We can besides see the peculiar portion of electromagnetic spectrum ( EM spectrum are the series of electromagnetic moving ridges with peculiar wavelength ) by utilizing infrared detectors. Microwave Remote Sensing: The other type of Remote Sensing is the ‘Microwave Remote Sensing ‘ . As the name implies, it uses microwaves for Remote Sensing and these moving ridges are non merely less affected by atmospheric conditions but besides they can image beneath or through objects. There are two board classs of Remote Sensing: Passive Remote Sensing Active Remote Sensing Descriptions of these two classs are as under: Passive Remote Detection: This sort of Remote Sensing uses detectors. These detectors detect the reflected or emitted Electromagnetic Radiations from natural beginnings for illustration Sunlight. Active Remote Detection: The detectors used in Active Remote Sensing detect reflected responses from objects that are irradiated from unnaturally generated energy beginnings for illustration Radars or sonar devices used by ships and imaging systems. Challenges of utilizing Remote Detection: Challenges for utilizing Remote Feeling are as under: To construct and run Remote Sensing system is non cost effectual. Activities which are little sized are hard to sketch on Remote Sensing imagination. Expert accomplishments may necessitate to construe the informations obtained from Remote Sensing. Resolution is frequently harsh. Particular Detectors with really high spacial declaration are required for parts which are little size. Disaster Management and Remote Sensing: Professionals [ 2 ] for Disaster Management can utilize Distant Feeling to do the effectual undertaking be aftering really much possible and more accurate now so of all time earlier. The purpose of experts in Disaster Management is to supervise the state of affairs, imitate the complicated natural phenomenon every bit accurately as possible so as to propose better eventuality programs and fix spacial databases. Proper Disaster Management which includes catastrophe bars, catastrophe readiness and speedy and sufficient catastrophe alleviation can sufficiently cut down the impact of natural catastrophes. States which have more beforehand warning systems and edifice codifications can make successful remote detection of the Earth to foretell the happening of black phenomena and to warn people on clip. With the addition of natural catastrophes and semisynthetic catastrophes it is necessary to utilize technological progresss to decrease the effects of catastrophes. Distant Sensing can be really utile to extenuate the effects of Natural Disasters like Earthquakes, Flooding, Hurricanes, Volcanic eruption and Landsliding. Remote Sensing and Earthquake: We can utilize Remote Sensing Technology ( RCT ) for seismal hazard extenuation intent. Remote Feeling like Satellite imagination can be used for temblor readiness. On good declaration orbiter imagination, Active mistakes and Structures associated with temblors can be good identified. Structural and non-structural jeopardies can be identified and minimized by utilizing distant feeling engineering. For illustration by utilizing LandSat imagination tool we can place and minimise the effects of Structural and Non-structural jeopardies. States which are more prone to temblor usage Satellite Remote Sensing Technology ( RST ) for early seismal warning. The quality [ 1 ] of assistance that can be provided after an temblor can be well improved by utilizing Remote Sensing. After major temblor has taken topographic point the hunt and deliverance activities are best affected by distant detection. Distant detection can besides used for making deep hunts in the countries which have considerable sum of dust and collapsed constructions. Recent Development: Nowadays Airborne and Satellite RSTs can be used for garnering damaged information Remote Sensing and Volcanic Volcanic eruptions: Around [ 2 ] the Earth there are 500 active vents and by utilizing distant feeling we can make seismal monitoring of these vents. Through distant feeling Catastrophe directors can continuously supervise the volcanic activities by making limited field work. Remote feeling besides enables vulcanologists to significantly cut down the sum of field work and saves attempts and money. Remote Sensing and Flooding: The Second most [ 2 ] common and widespread natural catastrophe is Flood. For [ 3 ] inundation monitoring remote detection has become the cardinal tool in recent old ages. Catastrophe directors can place inundation planes and countries which are prone to deluge on a remotely perceived imagination. Remotely sensed imagination generates images which help professional in mapping the high and low hazard countries and in measuring the amendss to the belongingss in inundation affected part. In flood direction remotely sensed informations can be used to calculate inundations and this will mitigates future amendss. Distant feeling allow [ 1 ] users to see what is taking topographic point in affected countries, without endangering their safety, since they will non really be on the site. By utilizing distant feeling engineering we can foreground characteristics of the geographics that make the community susceptible to the jeopardy. Using distant feeling Response workers can garner of import information for making deliverance and alleviation attempts without physically being present at the site. Remote Sensing and Hurricanes: Disaster [ 1 ] directors uses Remote feeling for hurricane prediction which will assist them to gauge the likely figure of storms for a given old ages, strength and possible degree of devastation. Remote detection is utile in any phase of the hurricane in extenuating the deathly effects of hurricanes. Remote [ 1 ] feeling can let contrivers to determine informations about the characteristics of water partings to include drainage and denseness. Once obtained, this is utile information as it provides information on the capacity of the watershed to cover with the volume of water-flow that could ensue from rains associated with the storm. Distant detection can supply good declaration spacial informations on hurricanes which can gives wealth [ 4 ] of information for appraisal, analysis and monitoring natural catastrophes like Hurricane, Tornados and Cyclone harm from little to big parts around the Earth. After the Hurricane experts can supervise the recovery advancement and find the alteration in landscape by utilizing distant detection. Remote feeling saves tonss of clip in a manner that it will let experts to analyze larger land mass in no clip. Coastal implosion therapy and storm rushs which consequences in hurricanes can be better mapped utilizing distant detection. Catastrophe directors, Emergency direction and community contrivers can be better prepare for hurricane impacts on their parts by utilizing the tools of distant detection. Remote detection and Landsliding: Landslide [ 1 ] can happen independently or with other jeopardies like temblor, deluging etc. Using distant feeling engineering in landsliding catastrophe directors are better able to prioritise and aim extenuation and readiness activities for their country. Once [ 1 ] major parts of land displacement out of topographic point, entree to and general visibleness of the affected country is normally badly restricted. Remotely perceived images under these conditions are utile tools in helping contrivers. It presents a image of what has taken topographic point, and AIDSs in the determination doing procedure sing the hereafter of the affected country. Where appraisal of an country is limited due to debris and mudflow from a landslide, remote feeling could perforate heavy countries to supply critical information. On [ 5 ] local and regional graduated tables remote feeling can greatly assist in probes of landslides. For landslide probe remote feeling can be used in two phases: landslides sensing and categorization monitoring activity of bing landslides Distant detection can assist greatly in foretelling future landslide happenings and this is of import for those who reside near unstable incline. Global Positioning System ( GPS ) in Disaster Management: 3.3.3.1 Introduction: GPS [ 1 ] or Global Positioning System refer to Global Navigation Satellite System or GNSS developed by Defense Department, America. Initially merely US military can utilize GPS but in 1980s it was extended for commercial and scientific universes. For navigational and positioning GPS tool is widely used. GPS include pilotage on land, in air and on sea. [ 5 ] By utilizing GPS engineering tool we can observe first phase catastrophe and suggest extenuation steps. In Landsliding Boundary of landslide country can be determine by GPS. Space section of GPS has 24 well-spaced orbiter groups ; these 24 orbiter groups orbit the Earth two clip per twenty-four hours and let people with land receiving systems to indicate out their exact location on Earth with high truth. Due to the low cost of GPS receiving system it is used globally. Receivers or devices have GPS equipment receives transmittal from at least few of the orbiters and can able to separate really precise placement informations ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.wisegeek.com/what-is-gps.htm ) In Earth [ 6 ] scientific disciplines GPS plays an of import function. For conditions prediction and planetary clime surveies meteorologists utilizations GPS. During and between temblors the tectonic gestures can be measured by GPS. 3.3.3.2 Applications of GPS to Disaster Management: There is [ 5 ] no limitation of conditions for utilizing GPS, it can be used anyplace any clip and this makes GPS really utile in catastrophes. It has a dependable degree of preciseness. During exigency state of affairss GPS incorporated with GIS to cover real-time activity. In all stages of Disaster direction Cycle GPS is really utile and plays a critical function. In Emergency Disaster Management GPS plays an of import function by tracking exigency vehicles and supplies. Emergency vehicles have GPS receiving system and location is overlayed onto a map. For precise [ 7 ] placement of the deliverance squads and vehicles during catastrophe GPS Stationss can be good utilised as a base Stationss. Through [ 5 ] GPS experts can supervise the tallness of moving ridges. GPS units are fixed to buoys and the tallness of the units are can be determined to within centimeters any important alteration in moving ridge tallness or speed can trip an dismay for a tsunami or sea rush. With the aid of GPS, vents can be monitored. Catastrophe directors can mensurate the distortion of the land by utilizing GPS and made decision about volcanic activity. These GPS Stationss can be utilized as base Stationss for precise placement of deliverance squads and vehicles during the catastrophes. 3.3.3.3 Advantages of GPS: The Advantages of [ 10 ] GPS are as under: Structural jobs in edifices and route can be detected by GPS. It besides predicts catastrophes like Flooding, earthquakes etc. GPS system in a auto or in a plane ensures that you will ne’er lost. It streamlines supply ironss and truck motion. it can track goods at any point of clip and predict accurately when goods will make their finish. Some [ 9 ] GPS systems allow you to seek the local country for nearby comfortss, such as hotels, eating houses and gas Stationss. This is highly helpful in some state of affairss. GPS [ 9 ] devices are perfect for H2O pilotage. In state of affairss where underwater jeopardies are a job, GPS devices allow leghorns to maneuver around concealed dangers. 3.3.3.4 Disadvantages of GPS: Besides tonss of advantages GPS have some of import disadvantages besides [ 5 ] . Some of these disadvantages are preciseness is affected by the figure of discernible orbiters present, the obstructor of the observation point, and the monitoring of installed GPS receiving systems which have been placed out in the field. Obstacles like edifices and trees can debar the GPS signals and this will do your place on the GPS screen to be off by every bit much as 100 pess. Atmospheric conditions besides affect GPS truth. GPS [ 9 ] signals are non wholly accurate. Obstacles like edifices and trees can debar the signal, doing your place on the GPS screen to be off by every bit much as 100 pess. Atmospheric conditions ( such as geomagnetic storms caused by solar activity ) may besides impact GPS truth 3.3.3.5 Disaster Management and GPS: For catastrophe direction and extenuation GPS is one of the most of import developmental and planning tool. Catastrophes which are in their first phase can be easy detected by utilizing GPS tools. GPS is besides an effectual tool for supervising natural catastrophes. GPS and Earthquake: The [ 6 ] size of an temblor can be measured by GPS and this is done by look intoing the entire distance that a station has moved in an temblor by comparing its place prior to the event with its place following the event. Harmonizing to scientist there is a relationship exist between sum of supplanting caused by an temblor and magnitude of temblor. Scientist use this relationship to happen out the size of an temblor by utilizing technological tools of GPS. GPS can [ 6 ] make really accurate measurings and due to this scientists can enter millimeter-scale faux pas on mistakes that can non normally be measured. GPS progress tools can be really utile in: Emergency readiness and response betterment Determining of aftershock hazard countries following major temblors Prevent devastation of edifices, belongings and substructure Provide better geophysical theoretical accounts. GPS and Flooding: For [ 7 ] natural catastrophe like Deluging GPS has the potency of making deliverance and relief operations during and after Flood. The integrating of location based spacial function system: GIS, with GPS can straight give the map of the country being covered. The Video Mapping System, a digital picture camera straight linked to a GPS receiving system can give us the complete image of the part. This will let improved image reading, which is really utile for Flood jeopardy extenuation and direction. GPS [ 8 ] engineering helps deluge field directors to: Perform hazard appraisal and jeopardy designation Take proactive steps to really cut down inundation hazards Produce GPS Elevation Certificates which help place proprietors recognize their true inundation hazard and obtain best-value inundation insurance to cut down their fiscal Vulnerability Help speed up Federal catastrophe aid support when deluging really occurs. How to cite Introduction To Disaster Management Environmental Sciences Essay, Essay examples

World Banks 2017 Report on Ease of Doing Business

Question: Describe about the World Banks 2017 Report on Ease of Doing Business. Answer: Task One Doing Business 2017: Equal Opportunity for All is a part of the annual flagship program of the World Bank. It is 14th in the series of reports that checks which of the measures of the government enhances the business activity and which degrades them. It covers regulations that affect as many as 11 areas of the business life. Among which, ten regulations are associated with how we can easily start and operate a business like dealing with electricity permits, construction permits, getting credit, protecting the investors etc. (World Bank, 2016) The article covers whether the different economies of the world are adopting a practice that supports quality and efficiency in the various court proceedings and the complex court systems. Various data are collected through proper research and study of many court proceedings and also survey was done and questionnaires were distributed among legal personalities like the lawyers and judges. After proper scrutiny, proper ranking is done based on the ease of enforcement of contracts by sorting the distance to frontier scores for contracts being enforced. The five key indicators for enforcing contracts are (Civilsdaily, 2016) 1) Court Structure and Proceedings The court structure and proceeding ahs five components Whether there is a special section that is attributed to hearing commercial cases only, so that cases can be resolved fast. Whether in smaller courts, there is proper facility for fast track cases and easy devolvement of small claim cases. It is seen whether proper procedure is in place, people are allowed to attend the hearing, and stand alone courts are adopting simplified procedures or not. Various grading is given keeping all the factors in mind. Whether in cases where the plaintiff fear that the movable assets might be moved out in case of dispute they can obtain pretrial attachment of the same. Whether there is no hard and fast rule for attachment of cases and they are attached on a random basis to the judges in a component court. Whether in a component court, a women plea and stand is given the same importance as that of a man. (Doingbusiness.org, 2016) 2) Case Management Index The case management Index is concerned with whether the cases and their management is effective, by seeing whether proper time standards are set for various key proceedings of the court like first hearing, filing of statement etc. It also how many time the cases are being adjourned and how are they regulated post that, whether there are any performance measurement reports that monitor the performance of the court and its proceedings. It also sees whether judges are allowed to use effective electronic case management system in one or more disciple, also whether lawyers are also permitted to use the same or not and also there is pretrial component in case of certain courts and whether they are implemented effectively or not. (Doingbusiness.org, 2016) 3) Court Automation Index The Court Automation covers four sections, whether initial complaint has been filed electronically or not, whether we can serve the initial complaint on the defendant electronically or not, whether there is any option to pay court fees electronically thorough online portals and banking facilities, and also it is checked whether the judgments that these courts rendered are made available in official gazettes and newspapers for general public. On the analysis of these conditions, rankings are provided to the respective courts. (Doingbusiness.org, 2016) 4) Alternative Dispute Resolution The alternative dispute resolution has six components. Whether consolidated chapters of law or of various civil proceedings covers and governs various aspects of arbitration or not. Whether disputes that are public in nature can be submitted to the arbitration tribunal like employment issues, bankruptcy, public policy etc. Whether in more than 50% cases, the local courts are enforcing valid arbitration clauses or not. Scores area assigned on the basis of the same. Whether in order to resolve commercial disputes, voluntary meditation, conciliation or both are followed or not. Whether those who opt for voluntary meditation and conciliation are given monetary benefits. Whether these conciliation and voluntary practices are governed by component court of law and civil procedures. (Doingbusiness.org, 2016) 5) Quality of Judicial processes The overall quality of judicial processes is judged by the overall sum of the score of the other key indicators like the court structure and proceedings, case management, court automation, and the alternative dispute resolution. Higher values represent better management; the index ranges from around 0 to 18. The better the score, the better the management and vice-versa. These indicators have been very helpful in case of effective management of small businesses and startups. As per the report, the indicators helps in ranking, how an economy is functioning on a global scale and that helps in effective management of the business. It also provides guidance in sections like how to start the business and manage it effectively, and that is also beneficial for the key business activity. It helps in easy remedial measures for judicial legislative activities and proceedings and that helps in solving so many cases on time and saves cost and time. And along with the era of digitalization and its emphasis on increasing the focus on electronic transaction, it has been helpful in bringing a global change. Out of all these key indicators, the two most beneficial indicators for effective management in case of small and medium enterprises are the court structure and proceeding and automation of court procedures. (Doingbusiness.org, 2016) Automation of court procedures have been beneficial in many ways, as per the survey, law firms need to deliver on time and meet the clients expectation and automation helps in that, since everything is online so a lot of time is saved. Manual processes are costly and time consuming. As per the Stuart Fuller, Global Managing Partner, King Wood Mallesons, automation helps in aligning all the core activities of any business to a single source. Various small and law firms are benefited, like as said by Dick Jensen, Director of IT, Goodmans LLP, the employees can be freed from the burden of doing manual work and also it helps in increasing the productivity of the firm all over. (K2.com, 2016) The court management and proceedings are also helpful for small businesses. Effective court management helps in various ways; it reduces the risks that are faced by various firms and makes them more effective. Since court practices are properly regulated, the businesses benefit since cases are easily solved and total cost associated and time wastage is also less. The efficiency of courts continues to vary greatly around the world. Enforcing a contract through the courts can take less than 10 months in New Zealand, Norway and Rwanda but almost 4 years in Bangladesh. And the total cost of doing so ranges from less than 10% of the expected value of the claim in Iceland, Luxembourg and Norway. Effective court management has also benefited many small businesses and firms. 2. Conclusion The research process was easy and there was a lot of information that could be collected, since the policy of good business is famous and liberated in many countries. After an extensive study , and collecting information from many online portals, and conducting surveys within friends and also after consulting with some lawyers and finance persons, I reached to the conclusion that this policy though has helped in reducing corruption and has steadfast the entire process of legal proceeding around the world through effective court proceedings , case assessments and automation proceedings, it still needs to be more effective in its implementation, then it is on paper. For proper implementation, proper supervision should be there and effect penalty should be applied for people who dont follow the guidelines. The entire policy is very good and well written on paper, more and more people are trying to benefit from the same, through their business development schemes and switching to electro nic modes and opting for fast track courts. Moreover more and more people are benefitting since the cases are solved fast and gone are days when proceeding would have continued even after the death of the victim. I dint face much problem in this case, and was much impressed for the publication to come up with such policies that are so effective in the long run. The only problem I faced while going through the policy was that they used many ambiguous words in their article, and it sometimes becomes difficult for the normal people to read there in and understand what the statement exactly means. General people will not be able to understand it and thus wont be able to use it for their benefit. Except that everything else in on point and a very good policy to follow. The research was an eye opener and made we aware how the legal system of the world is changing for the better. References: K2.com. (2016). Legal case management: the five benefits of automation. [online] Available at: https://www.k2.com/blog/legal-case-management-the-five-benefits-of-automation [Accessed 9 Dec. 2016] World Bank. (2016). India Makes Big Strides to Improve Business Climate, says Latest Doing Business Report. [online] Available at: https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2016/10/25/india-makes-big-strides-to-improve-business-climate-says-latest-doing-business-report [Accessed 9 Dec. 2016]. Civilsdaily. (2016). Ease of Doing Business. [online] Available at: https://www.civilsdaily.com/story/ease-of-doing-business/ [Accessed 9 Dec. 2016]. Doingbusiness.org. (2016). Methodology for Enforcing Contracts - Doing Business - World Bank Group. [online] Available at: https://www.doingbusiness.org/methodology/enforcing-contracts [Accessed 9 Dec. 2016].

Central China Televisions (CCTV)

Following the unprecedented growth of the economy, increased per capita income and literacy levels; the mass among the Chinese and other communities in the world was spurred. Most importantly, opposition nationalists who pushed for democracy as well as growth of urbanization and urban life played a critical role in the development of mass media (Blumler Nossiter 1991; Kaufman 1966).Advertising We will write a custom dissertation sample on Central China Television’s (CCTV) specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Furthermore, liberalization of civil society which arose in 1977 sensitized media monopoly so as to calm down the situation or rather to strengthen national identity. The politics of the chief economic powers was the key center of competition that restructured the telecommunication sector (Blumler Nossiter 1991). Exchange of knowledge, information and communication were essential in the balance of power as well as economi c activity in the world (Li Lee 2000). The scope of international communication has been greatly improved by the advances in communication and information technologies in the late 20th century. The communication has advanced beyond business to business, government-to -government and people-to-people interactions across the world; which occurs at an unparalleled speed for a long time (Chan 2000). The international communication particularly continued expanding during the 20th century with the help of broadcasting technology and wireless communication. Most notable was the invention of communication satellites and the optic cables, which were successfully improved into global networks (Gregory Stuart 1999). These networks were foreseen by organizations such as the International Telecommunication Union and Intelsat Beijing Broadcasting Institute Press (Huang 1994). The phenomenon of the global information flow has been dealt with by Wei (2000) in his book â€Å"information and world communication†. The book deals with information flow in the contexts such as cultural, technological, legal, economic and political aspects.Advertising Looking for dissertation on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More He shows how varied communication systems and strategies led to the formation of strong interests and how it has impacted on the global arena. Key developments in the telecommunication industry have most importantly been as a result of inter-jurisdictional competition (Blumler Nossiter 1991). As the world entered a new millennium, Chinese television industry took a new shape and structure. In a bid to make television the mover of the economy, the Chinese government redirected the perception and control modalities of media industry (Weber 2002). The consequence of these adjustments have had unparalleled impact on the manner in which television industry in run across the world. The Chinese television system which grew from a dictatorial rule has been redesigned after former Soviet Union into a market economy (Wei 2000). The shift from a planned economy to a market based economy has considerably revolutionized the television industry in china and other parts of the world. The Chinese television industry, having experienced many challenges as a result of market pressures and failure to keep pace with technological changes, was later redesigned to specifically revitalize the dying domestic television industry so that it can have more efficient and effective impact on the economic reforms (Weber 2000). Littlejohn (1996) evaluation of the world as a process is a perfect model that can be used to describe the manner in which Chinese China Television system has evolved, as it is characterized by tensions of the opposite. The opposition of the two sides results into a common position, a process that can be described by a dynamic process dialect (Kaufman 1966). The dialect rel ates to the process of Chinese television struggling to accommodate the market structure (Miller 2003; Atkinson1995).Advertising We will write a custom dissertation sample on Central China Television’s (CCTV) specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More China, through its efforts to negotiate its history and cultural identity, and through its efforts to continue connecting with the information markets redesigned the accent of its TV. It was focused the information programmers on trade and economic issues. In its own interpretation, China referred to this as market socialism, with China China Television (CCTV) taking a China stage in promoting consumerism through programs such as the retailing. As a result, in 1998, CCTC2 launched a direct retail TV program. By 1999, the TV stations in China had substantially increased, with more than 320 million television sets having been owned by the households. By then, CCTV was already making hand some profits from advertisement revenue. CCTV was however faced with a strong competition from the regional broadcasters, though they were restricted to their home provinces (Wei 2000; Xiao 2000; Xu 2000) China China Television (CCTV) in 1999 invested US$6million for the production of several TV movies to promote its film channel-CCTV6 which is one of the most popular national broadcasters (Xu 2000). CCTV-9 which was officially launched on September 25, 2000 is CCTV’S English language channel and specializes in broadcasting of international news and information to audience from across the globe. This television broadcaster boasts of a team of committed and competent journalists. Its contribution in regard to diversity and global perspective information flow is remarkable (Xu 2000). In regard to business relation with Taiwan, one commentator provided that, â€Å"it is helpful to the economy and feeling of communication between people across the straits, and it will promote mu tual understanding† (Zhao 2000, p. 12). References Atkinson, B 1995, Economics in the news: Based on articles from The Economist, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Wokingham. Blumler, J G Nossiter, T J 1991, Broadcasting finance in transition: a comparative handbook, Oxford University Press, New York.Advertising Looking for dissertation on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Chan, J M 2000, Television in greater china: structure, exports, and market formation in French, David and Richards, M (ed.), Television in contemporary Asia, Sage Publications, London. Gregory, P R and Stuart, R G 1999, Comparative economic systems (6edn). Houghton Mifflin Company, New York. Huang, Y 1994, â€Å"Peaceful evolution: the case of television reforms in post-Mao China,† Media, Culture Society, 16 (6). Kaufman, W 1966, Hegel: texts and commentary, Anchor Books, New York. Li, J Lee, C 2000, Power, money, and media: communication patterns and bureaucratic control in cultural china, Northwestern University Press, Chicago. Littlejohn, S 1996, Theories of human communication, Wadsworth Publishing Company, Belmont. Miller, T 2003, Television: critical concepts in media and cultural studies, Routledge, London. Weber, I 2000, â€Å"Challenges facing china’s television advertising industry in the age spiritual civilization.† International Journal of Adverti sing, 19, pp. 259–281. Weber, I 2002, â€Å"Reconfiguring Chinese propaganda and control modalities: a case study of Shanghai’s television system.† Journal of Contemporary China, 11(30), pp. 53–75. Wei, R 2000, China’s television in the era of Marketisation, in French, D. and Richards, M. (ed), Television in contemporary Asia, Sage Publications, London. Xiao, G 2000, â€Å"Post-all round system and the Chinese political development in 21st century,† Strategy and Management [Zhanlue Yu Guanli] Issue No. 6 [in Chinese] Xu, H 2000, â€Å"Morality discourse in the marketplace: narratives in the Chinese television news magazine Oriental Horizon,† Journalism Studies, 1, pp. 637–647. Zhao, Y 2000, â€Å"Watchdogs on Party Leashes? Contexts and implications of investigative journalism in post-Deng China,† Journalism Studies, 1(4), pp. 577– 597. This dissertation on Central China Television’s (CCTV) was written and submitted by user Giselle Marsh to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Learn How to Find the Theme of a Book or Short Story

Learn How to Find the Theme of a Book or Short Story If youve ever been assigned a book report, you may have been asked to address the  theme of the book. In order to do that, you really have to understand what a theme is. Many people, when asked to describe the theme of a book will describe the plot synopsis, but thats not the same as the theme.   Understanding Themes A books theme is the main idea that flows through the narrative and connects the components of the story together. A work of fiction may have one theme  or many, and they arent always easy to pinpoint right away. In many stories, the theme develops over time, and it isnt until youre well into reading the novel or short story that you fully understand the underlying theme or themes.   Themes can be broad or they can focus on a specific notion. For example, a romance novel may have the obvious, but very general, theme of love, but the storyline may also address issues of society or family. Many stories have a major theme and several minor themes that help develop the major theme.   The Differences Between Theme, Plot, and Moral A books theme is not the same as its plot or its moral lesson, but these elements are related and necessary in building the larger story. The plot of a novel is the action that takes place within the course of the narrative. The moral is the lesson that the reader is supposed to learn from the plots conclusion. Both reflect the larger theme and work to present what that theme is to the reader. A storys theme isnt typically stated outright. Often it is suggested by a thinly veiled lesson or  details contained within the plot. In the nursery tale The Three Little Pigs, the narrative revolves around three pigs and a wolfs pursuit of them. The wolf destroys their first two homes, shoddily built of straw and twigs. But the third home, painstakingly built of brick, protects the pigs and the wolf is defeated. The pigs (and the reader) learn that only hard work and preparation will lead to success. Thus, you can say that the theme of The Three Little Pigs is about making smart choices. If you find yourself struggling to identify the theme of a book youre reading, theres a simple trick you can use. When you finish reading, ask yourself to sum up the book in a single word. For example, you could say preparation best symbolizes The Three Little Pigs. Next, use that word as the foundation for a complete thought such as, Making smart choices requires planning and preparation, which could be interpreted as the moral of the story.   Symbolism and Theme As with any art form, the theme of a novel or short story may not necessarily be clear. Sometimes, writers will use a character or object as a  symbol or motif  that hints at a larger theme or themes. Consider the novel A Tree Grows in Brooklyn, which recounts the story of an immigrant family living in New York City in the early 20th century. The tree growing up through the sidewalk in front of their apartment is more than just part of the neighborhood background. The tree is a feature of both the plot and the theme. It thrives in spite of its harsh surroundings, much like the main character Francine as she comes of age.   Even years later, when the tree has been chopped down, a small green shoot remains. The tree serves as a stand-in for Francines immigrant community and the themes of resilience in the face of adversity and the pursuit of the American dream. Examples of Themes in Literature There are several themes that are  reoccurring  in literature, many of which we can identify quickly. But some themes are a little harder to figure out. Consider these popular general themes in literature to see if any of them might be appearing in something youre reading right now. FamilyFriendshipLoveOvercoming hardshipsComing of ageDeathStruggling with inner demonsGood vs. Evil Your Book Report Once youve determined what the main theme of the story is, youre  almost ready to  write your book report. But before you do, you may need to consider what components of the story stood out the most to you. To accomplish this, you may need to reread the text to find examples of the theme of the book. Be concise; you dont need to repeat every detail of the plot or use multi-sentence quotes from a character in the novel, a few key examples can suffice. Unless youre writing an extensive analysis, a few short sentences should be all you need to provide evidence of a books theme. Pro Tip:  As you read, use sticky notes to flag significant passages that you think may point to the theme; consider all of them together once youve finished reading.   Key Terms Theme:  The main idea that connects all elements of the narrative.  Plot:  The action that takes place over  the course of the narrative.Moral:  A lesson that the reader is intended to learn from the plots conclusion.Symbolism:  The use of a particular object or image to represent a larger idea.   Article edited  by  Stacy Jagodowski

Can Christians disagree on a moral issue Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Can Christians disagree on a moral issue - Essay Example Moral issues can be created when an individual, a community or a firm is not in control of all the factors that influence the choices that they make. For example, there are differences in moral values and norms accepted by the individuals who are practicing different religions. Moral issues arise as the values and norms accepted by the individuals do not comply with each other. However, an individual who is devoted to a specific religion cannot force the others in the world to accept one set of values and norms accepted by that specific religion. Therefore, Christianity which is a specific religion does not act as a barrier to arising moral issues in the society. Clearly, two Christians can have different opinions on a given moral issue. Moral code indicates that individuals have a larger role to play in the society than just chasing dollars and cents. There are various moral issues that are often viewed as controversial by different people. The main reason why people tend to disagre e over certain moral issues is that they have different perceptions about their worldview. Even devoted Christians can disagree on different moral issues and there are several reasons why this trend is common because Christianity fails to create perspective that can be universally held. A devoted Christian is a person who is devoted to the teaching of Jesus Christ as written in the Bible. In my view the religious faith can discourage critical thinking on a specific moral issue. There are many disagreements regarding what is written in the Bible and who wrote them. Therefore, even the most faithful Christians can have different perception on specific moral issues. Wise people often think out of the box and view different moral issues in an analytical perspective. For instance, the same bible can be used by two Christians to defend or condemn the practice certain moral issues as they believe their own understanding on gospels as the absolute â€Å"truth.† However, is it rationa l to denounce perceptions of the other people just because they are different? No, it is irrational. Some devoted Christians may view critical thinking as inappropriate and readily condemn other people’s views. Therefore, two individuals can have different opinions about a specific moral issue. Some other Christians who are more open-minded can look into the same moral issue from different perspectives and consider the possibility of others’ understanding also being acceptable. In reality, different individuals in the society are enslaved by different perceptions. These perceptions are associated with the different levels of individual intellectual capacities, different enduring social experiences and differential exposure to cultural values and norms. Individuals can view their own perception as the â€Å"only† truth and haste to judge other human beings in the society. Therefore disagreements upon specific moral issues can arise between two different individua ls regardless of the fact that they are both devoted to Christianity and are educated. As a point of departure, it is important to note that each person has his or her own opinions. It is important to acknowledge the fact that having different opinions is â€Å"not wrong† but is inevitable. The strategy to deal with the different

Solution to Campus Rapes across the US Research Paper

Solution to Campus Rapes across the US - Research Paper Example Solving campus rapes and sexual abuse has been one of the most difficult tasks due lack of evidence beyond reasonable doubts as most of the evidence presented are always scenarios of one’s word against those of the other. This policy papers seeks to establish the possible solutions available to address the college rape menace within legal boundaries and how to provide lasting solutions to the college administrations. In doing this, this proposal will highlight some of the empirical evidence available on college rapes and how the available solutions have failed to correct the anomaly. Introduction This is a policy paper that seeks to highlight some of the steps that should be taken to help eliminate the escalating levels of college rapes and sexual abuses. In describing the way forward, this paper will highlight some of the statistical data available on college rapes and how the vice has escalated in our universities. The weaknesses of the available laws and administrative agen das in mitigating this vice will also be highlighted to enables readers understand the magnitude of the vice. Finally, the paper will provide the solutions that should be adopted to help mitigate the vice and increase the safety of the students within our campuses. According to the analysis of campus rape and sexual assault report of 2011, of all the rapes reported in the states of Massachusetts, 4% occurred within colleges and campus residential areas. Out of this total, 74% were females who were sexually victimized in campus and their males colleagues accounted for over 99% of the perpetrators. A large percentage of the victims were white students followed distantly by blacks and the Hispanic Americans (Elizabeth 34). This demonstrates the level of the vice in our institutions and how the college administrations have been unable to adequately address the menace. Psychologist however points to another avenue of concern in trying to develop a lasting solution to this vice in our ins titution. According to this report, the victim and the offender have been shown to be either close friends, acquaintances, or strangely enough, boyfriends/girlfriends (Tolman 231). Most of these incidences, as the data indicates occur during the weekends and especially during the midnight hours towards dawn. Of all the rapes, 81% occurred in the college dormitories or students’ official residences, followed by out of campus houses or apartments at 9% and finally the fraternity at 4%. Weapons and force are used to carry out these activities and this was demonstrated in report which indicated that 60% of the rapes that were reported occurred as a result of the use of force or a weapon to intimidate the victim (Christopher 64). Campuses and colleges should be a safe ground for our children and relatives to pursue higher education upon which their future success is pegged. The environment that encourages and fruitful interaction of students should be devoid of any form of threat to the students either from outside or from within the institution. Rape has been shown by a number of psychological reports as one of the major causes of suicide, depression and low morale among the youths. Rape victims find it hard to forgive themselves for what happened to on that fateful night or day and this affects their studies and concentrations. Most rapes also occur in the absence of any form of

Final assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Final - Assignment Example In doing so, analyses of the elements of leadership approach, leadership type I applied to manage the situation is also conducted and how I led the team towards successfully achieving the goal is laid down. Brief Overview of the Situation or the project at hand For most of my life I served in the Air Force and come from Fort Worth Texas. However I also designed houses for 15 years and during one of those assignments I came across a project that was challenging, tested my capabilities and arouse my creativity. The house was for an elderly couple who had certain specific needs to be catered, was budget conscious and with a tight schedule yet I was fascinated in designing that particular house because it was the first time I was designing a house that would be physically suitable for elderly couple. The house was to be built on a rocky land measuring 3000 Sq ft. in Fort Worth and I started designing the house in 2011 to be delivered by the end of 2012. I was the chief designer for the p roject responsible for making the house plan, getting approval from local agencies and heading a team consisting of building contractor who would be building the house and a team of supervisors and subcontractors for various works such as plumbing, electricians etc., I was in charge of designing the house plan according to the clients requirements and getting his approval and delivering to the building contractor for actually building the house according to the plan and monitoring whether the house is coming according to the plan and tackling any challenges or problems arising. It was my responsibility ultimately to see to it that the house is made perfectly according to the plans, under the budget and delivered on time. Leadership approach applied to the situation I applied the Fiedler’s contingency leadership approach for accomplishing this project. It is a leader-match theory that matches leaders with situations appropriate to them (Fielder, 1967; Fielder & Chemers, 1974). Contingency here suggests that effectiveness of a leader is dependent on the fitting of leadership style to the given situation. The three situational or contingency dimensions identified by Fielder are â€Å"Leader-member relationships, Task Structure and position power† (Robbins, 2012, p. 368). When the leader has more control the situation is deemed to be favourable and when he has little control then it is an unfavorable situation and leadership style needs to be applied accordingly. Control on the team is more when leader- member relations are better, jobs are highly structured, and position power is strong (Robbins, 2012). Contingency theory framework is mainly concerned with matching leadership styles with situations and two types of leadership styles emerge within the framework that are task oriented style and relationship motivated style (Northouse, 2013). In this project being the chief designer I faced both favorable and unfavorable situations. As leader member re lations with some team members were good and with others it was poor. Some tasks were highly structured as there was only one way of doing things, others were unstructured as many alternatives available for doing the task, as we were developing innovative design, team members were not familiar with it and there was no single best way of doing it. I enjoyed strong position power being the Chief designer of the

Comparative Analysis Of Two Peer Reviewed Journals Commerce Essay

Comparative Analysis Of Two Peer Reviewed Journals Commerce Essay As said in the assignment we have to select a topic which is taken with two peered reviewed journal articles and making our own topic to understand the comparative analysis. The topic we have selected is the The relationship between the employees retention and the employees motivation. Accordingly two articles we were selected Performance and Motivation Prepared by Alfred W. Huf III, and Employee retention and turnover: Using Motivational Variables as a panacea. By Michael O. Samuel and Crispen Chipunza. The author of the first article says Performance and Motivation the main aim of this article is to look at the link between Performance and motivation. This article is mainly aiming to the employees prospective and how they have performed while we have to uplift the quality of the life of them. Most of the cases in the article have shown that how we can keep the performance in a top level and getting the employees full utilization. Motivation is always following the rules of the leadership and if there is a proper leadership in the organization we can have top level motivation as well. And also this article discussed that how the employees motivated by having the Non-cashed rewards and the cashed rewards. This is more important that it also described that the few famous policy makers like Herzberg, Maslow, and Taylor have some contradictions and the author of this article shows and discussed the facts regarding this matter. According to the authors of the Second article- Employee retention and turnover: Using Motivational Variables as a panacea aims to emphasize a research that will tell the story of why the people working in an organization and is leaving the organization. It is described intrinsic and extrinsic factors that will influenced to the turnover of the employees in workplace. And for this they have chosen few organizations and they also have done a research regarding this. They have experiment the motivational factors that affect the turnover and the retention as well. So this is a research based article that will guide us to the important factors on motivation and the turnover or retention of an organisation. It is hard to keep the skilled employees in an organisation. We have to provide many incentives and many rewards to retain those people. So, the motivational factors which we have to consider are the most important factors in any kind of organization. In this article they have shown some theoretical and practical factors that influenced the employees turnover and the retention. It is very hard for the mangers to retain their skilled employees into the organisation. We have to have a good plan to retain the employees where we have to wo rk hard for it. By this understanding also we can identify certain similarities and as well as the disparities of this two articles. Further this report will provide more specific analysis of these two articles. Comparative Analysis: From the first article Performance and Motivation there are mainly aiming to find out the link between the motivation and the performance within the large organizational behaviors. Which author describes that is really essential to improve at the Motivation and reduce the turnover in the organization. But from the second article Employee retention and turnover: Using Motivational Variables as a panacea. discuss about the motivational factors or the variables that will keep the workers in the organization. And also it is very important to keep the skilled workers bond to the organisation. So the two articles have the main similarity among the motivation and the retention of skilled workers. In the first article it is discussed that the few case studies which will guide us to identify some factors that are important to understand the motivational factors in an organization. And also it describes the theoretical comparison as well. The Non-cashed rewards can be a vital part of employees motivation. The author of the first article describes that the non-cashed rewards such as flex time, goal based incentives, and the rewarding the employee of the month will motivate the employee rather than giving some amount of money to the workers. It is also said that communicating this among the employees is the most important part of motivation the people. So these kinds of motivational events may lead to the top performing employees in an organization. In the incentive packages we must consider to give a merchandiser awards that are more effective than the top seller trips. According to the author we can have meetings after every week or month and decided that we can offer the merchandiser award. This is also in the same category of motivation by no-cashed rewards. And also in this article the author has suggest some critical motivational factor that is the employees can show or suggest the changes they need while they performing well. This is very crucial that if an employee is trying to go somewhere else for better offer he can suggest that the need of his difficulty. And also people trying to perform well otherwise they may not have any chances to bargain the incentives. This is a kind of culture making by the employees that they need to perform well. And within this culture employer have not to worry about the employees turn over. And there is one thing that arises in the article that the relationship between employer and employee is so important to the retention of employees. This can be done by having a conversation with the employee and the employer. The employer can ask the stories that the bad and the good situation from the employees of their life. So this will create a big bond between the two parties and the employee may unable to bargain incentives after this kind of conversation. And finally we have seen some important motivational factor in the later part of the article. The motivating language speaks by the leader or the manger to the workers. This is the most influencing way that one can suggest for better motivation and high performance of working. As we can see the above factors can be used as the motivational factors in an organization. So it is important to know the other well established factors in the second article to compare the linkage between the two articles. We have found in the second article that the authors have stated the theoretical aspects of the motivation. The Herzberg has defined some motivational factors that can be taken in to consideration. These are the intrinsic variables he defined achievements, recognitions, advancements, responsibility, work itself and the growth. These are some of the famous motivational factors that can be used to retain the employees. However the article also stated that the extrinsic factors also may have some influenced on the workers retention and the turnover. The factors we have identified in the article are competitive salary, friendly working environment, better interpersonal relationship, and the most important job security. This article is mainly bridging the literature of the motivational factors and the current practical knowledge and makes some model that will describe the entire story of why the employees turnover and retention happens. The second article found many practical factors that will directly effect the motivation and the retention of the employees. So we can find some extrinsic and intrinsic motivational factors that influence to the employee turnover and the retention. It is found the following motivation variables have significant influence over the employees motivation, retention and the turnover as well. Training and development Job security Sense of belonging to the organisation Interesting/ challenging work environment Innovative thinking freedom . Conclusion: So as we have discussed in the study there are many motivational factors we can identify from the two articles. The major findings from the article No: 01shows the theoretical aspects of how the motivation should be used to make better performance in an organization. And the Article No: 02 shows us the practical approaches that will make the motivation to reduce the turn over and retain the skilled workers in an organization. We can identify some important factors in the second article which are related to grow in the organisation. And also there are some factors that will be must there to retain the skilled workers and meantime we can make the employees more experience and well trained. According to the second article we found that some motivational factors are crucial for influencing the employees decisions. Training and development, competitive salary package and job security and recognition /rewards are the main motivational variables that will influence the worker capacity up and also better performance in the workplace as well. In the first article is also shows us the motivational factors that will describe the factors which are related to the cases and getting the essence of that studies. We can find some motivational factors in the first article can be very important to the performance of the workers.